Communications Services

91 elementer Udtræk: Maj 2026

Kommunikationstjenester – transport- og netværkstjenester, der binder det hele sammen.

CO-1000 Communications Services
The Communications Services provide functions to establish connectivity of communications and computing devices, to enable communications networks, and to manage transport and transmission of communications signals. Communications Services represent a collection of technical services at the back-end of communications and information systems (CIS) capabilities, focused on the interconnection of systems and mechanisms for the opaque transfer of selected data between or among access points, in accordance with agreed quality parameters and without change in the form or content of the data as sent and received. In the context of the C3 Taxonomy, Communications Services are facilitating end-to-end communications in a generic approach, listing elementary (vice complex) communications services as building blocks. Elementary service blocks are agnostic to the resources and solutions that service providers can adopt for implementation. They can be implemented over different communications segments (terrestrial, radio, satcom), by different service providers. The second layer of the associated taxonomy specifies three main categories: • Communications Access Services – to provide end-to-end connectivity of communications or computing devices. Communications access services can be interfaced directly to transmission services (e.g. in the case of personal communications systems) or to transport services, which in turn interact with transmission services for the actual physical transport. • Transport Services – to provide metro and wide-area connectivity to the communications access services that operate at the edges of the network. In that role, transport services interact with the transmission services using them as the physical layer fabric supporting the transfer of data over a variety of transmission bearers as and where needed. • Transmission Services – to provide the physical layer (also referred to as media layer or air-interface in wireless/satellite communications) supporting transport services, as well as communications access services. Support for the latter is relevant to personal communications systems, in which the user appliances directly connect to the transmission element without any transport elements in between.
- CO-1011 Communications Access Services
  The Communications Access Services provide functions to manage end-to-end connectivity of communications or computing devices. The services can be interfaced directly to Transmission Services (e.g. in the case of personal communications systems) or to Transport Services, which in turn interact with Transmission Services for the actual physical transport. Because they are defined end-to-end, in a comms service map, the same Access Services block can be found at both ends of the link, and will often (but not necessarily) be implemented and managed by the same service provider. Furthermore, these services correspond to customer-facing communications services and as such, they can also be referred to as Subscriber Services, or Customer-Edge (CE) Services. In most cases, they involve the direct connection of hosts or end-user devices that interface the service on a given layer of the communications stack.
  - CO-1010 Communications Access CIS Security Services
    The Communications Access CIS Security Services provide functions to implement and enforce CIS Security measures at the communications access level.
    CO-1013 Communications Security Services
    The Communications Security (COMSEC) Services provide functions to prevent unauthorized interceptors from accessing telecommunications in an intelligible form, while still delivering the content to the intended recipients. COMSEC methods include cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, traffic-flow security and physical security of COMSEC equipment. COMSEC is used to protect both classified and unclassified traffic on military communications networks, including voice, video, and data. It is used for both analog and digital applications, and both wired and wireless links.
    
    CO-1035 Network Access Control Services
    The Network Access Control Services provide functions to manage the ability of a device to connect to a network based on endpoint security compliance (such as OS patch level, antivirus updates, host IP addresses, etc.) user and system authentication and network security enforcement. The services will protect a network by preventing non-compliant devices from accessing the network at the IP-level. In case of non-compliance, a remote user will be redirected to a network quarantine segment where the client can be updated to the level of required compliance.
    
    CO-1036 Network Firewall Services
    The Network Firewall Services provide functions to control input, output, and/or access from, to, or by an application or service. The services operate by monitoring and potentially blocking the input, output, or system service calls which do not meet the configured policies.
  - CO-1012 Communications Access SMC Services
    The Communications Access Service Management and Control (SMC) Services provide functions to implement and enforce SMC policies at the communications level. The services are based on the TM Forum Business Process Framework (eTOM) process area Operations and specifically Resource Management and Operations. Within the context of SMC for all Communications Services, the functions and subsequent requirements on each the three layers - Communications Access Services, Transport Services and Transmission Services - experience a great overlap and high level of similarity. Therefore all SMC Services for these layers are defined under Communications Access SMC Services, while they are valid for the other two layers just the same.
    CO-1047 Resource Trouble Management Services
    The Resource Trouble Management Services are responsible for handling troubles and security events related to specific resources. Their primary goal is to manage reported issues efficiently, identify the root cause, and take appropriate actions to resolve resource troubles, minimizing impact on operations. These services involve detecting, analyzing, managing, and reporting on resource alarm and event notifications to ensure timely intervention. The services initiate and manage resource trouble reports, perform localization analysis to pinpoint issues, and implement corrective measures to resolve troubles. They also track and monitor testing and repair activities, provide progress updates to other related processes, and manage jeopardy conditions that could threaten resource stability. This comprehensive approach ensures ongoing resource availability and reliability critical for mission success.
    
    CO-1042 Resource Configuration and Activation Services
    The Resource Configuration and Activation Services provide functions to implement and enforce SMC resource configuration and activation policies at the communications level. The services configure and activate those resources allocated against an issued resource order. At the successful conclusion of configuration and activation, the status of the specific resources will be changed from allocated to activated (i.e. in use).
    
    CO-1045 Resource Performance Management Services
    The Resource Performance Management Services provide functions to manage, track, monitor, analyze, control and report on the performance of specific resources. The services use information received from Resource Data Collection and Distribution Services.
    
    CO-1046 Resource Testing Services
    The Resource Testing Services provide functions to implement and enforce Service Management and Control (SMC) resource testing policies at the communications level. The services will test specific resources to ensure they are operating within normal parameters. The objective is to verify whether the resources are working correctly and meet the appropriate performance levels.
    
    CO-1043 Resource Data Collection and Distribution Services
    The Resource Data Collection and Distribution Services provide functions to implement and enforce Service Management and Control (SMC) resource data collection and distribution policies at the communications level. The services are responsible for collection and/or distribution of management information and data records between resource and service instances and other processes. They are responsible for collection and/or distribution of management information interact with the resource and service instances to intercept and/or collect usage, network and information technology events and other management information for distribution to other processes and with processes to accept command, query and other management information for distribution to resource and service instances.
    
    CO-1044 Resource Discovery Services
    The Resource Discovery Services provide functions to implement and enforce Service Management and Control (SMC) resource discovery policies at the communications level. The services are automatically discovering the resources and their details through an management channel.
  - CO-1002 Analogue Access Services
    The Analogue Access Services provide functions to deliver or exchange analogue signals over an analogue interface port, without manipulation (encoding, compression) of the original signal, and directly interfacing a Transmission Service.
    CO-1003 Analogue Audio Access Services
    The Analogue Audio Access Services provide functions to deliver or exchange analogue audio signals without manipulation (encoding, compression) of the original signal, and directly interfacing transmission services.
    
    CO-1005 Analogue Video Access Services
    The Analogue Video Access Services provide functions to deliver or exchange analogue video signals without manipulation (encoding, compression) of the original signal, and directly interfacing a transmission services.
    
    CO-1004 Analogue Sensor Access Services
    The Analogue Sensor Access Services provide functions to deliver or exchange analogue sensor signals without manipulation (encoding, compression) of the original signal, and directly interfacing transmission services.
  - CO-1014 Digital Access Services
    The Digital Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange digital signals (synchronous or asynchronous) over a native digital interface port, usually a port providing Transmission Services, at channel access level (e.g. the modem port of a handheld satcom terminal).
    CO-1033 Native Digital Link Access Services
    The Native Digital Link Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange of digital signals over an interface with native digital access into Transmission Services (e.g. data and clock signals).
    
    CO-1017 Emulated Digital Link Access Services
    The Emulated Digital Link Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange digital signals over an interface with emulated access, in which case the digital link is emulated over a higher layer protocol (e.g. RS-449 over IP).
  - CO-1030 Message-based Access Services
    The Message-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange formatted messages, through user appliances that are directly connected to Transmission Services (e.g. the keypad of a VHF radio).
    CO-1048 Short Messaging Access Services
    The Short Messaging Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange formatted, free text short messages, over a man-machine interface (e.g. a keyboard) or machine-machine interface (digital interface). The user interface (device) is part of the service.
    
    CO-1049 Tactical Messaging Access Services
    The Tactical Messaging Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange Tactical Data Link (TDL)-formatted messages, over a man-machine interface (e.g. a keyboard) or machine-machine interface (e.g. an avionics two-wire data bus). The physical layer of TDLs is covered under Transmission Services (these services are environmentally agnostic and not domain specific or exclusive).
  - CO-1038 Packet-based Access Services
    The Packet-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange data (or digitized voice, video) encapsulated in IP packets.
    CO-1024 IPv4 Routed Access Services
    The IPv4 Routed Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange of IP version 4 packets, subject to dynamic, destination- or policy-based routing, based on different routing protocols. The user's IP v4 address range is assigned by the provider of Access Services, and it is provided to the host via DHCP services. Each routing protocol is associated to a service type (i.e. an implementation option for the provider). Examples of these services' implementation options are Static routing, Link-state Unicast routing (e.g. OSPF), Distance-vector Unicast routing (e.g. RIP, EIGRP), Path-vector Unicast routing (BGP), Policy-based Unicast routing (PBR), Multicast routing, and Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (MANET, e.g. OLSR-based).
    
    CO-1025 IPv6 Routed Access Services
    The IPv6 Routed Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange of IP version 6 packets, subject to dynamic, destination-based routing, based on different routing protocols (each protocol is associated to a Service Type, i.e. an implementation option). The user's IP v6 address range is assigned by the provider of Access Services. Each routing protocol is associated to a service type (i.e. an implementation option for the provider). Examples of these services' implementation options are Static routing, Link-state Unicast routing (e.g. RIP, EIGRP), Distance-vector Unicast routing (OSPF), Path-vector Unicast routing (BGP), Policy-based Unicast routing (PBR), Multicast routing, and Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (MANET, e.g. OLSR-based).
    
    CO-1067 VPN Access Services
    The Virtual Private Network (VPN) Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange IP version 4 or version 6 packets, subject to dynamic, destination-based routing, over a network of virtual links (tunnels). The user's IP address range is independent of the provider of Access Services. These services can be considered emulated IPv4 or IPv6 (tunneled in IPv4) routed services, as the routing is constrained to the IP tunnels, which act as point-to-point, virtual interfaces, agnostic to the multi-hop nature of the supporting transport network. Implementation examples are Packet-based VPN services (tunnelling over packet-based access), GRE-based VPN (such as L2TP-based VPN and IPSec VPN), and session-based VPN services (SSH-based or SSL-based tunnelling over session-based access).
    
    CO-1085 Private Connectivity Services
    The Private Connectivity Services provide functions to deliver and exchange secure and direct communication between an organization's on-premises infrastructure and cloud resources, providing a foundation for robust hybrid cloud architectures. These services establish private and isolated connections, avoiding the public internet and offering a more predictable and controlled network environment. The objectives are to enhance security, improve performance, and facilitate seamless integration between on-premises data centers and cloud resources.
  - CO-1020 Frame-based Access Services
    The Frame-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange user data, end-to-end, formatted and encapsulated into frames (e.g. ethernet frames, PPP frames). The frames are delivered by the user end-point, adapted transported by the relevant Transport Services or Transmission Services, and dispatched to the Communications Access Services at the other end-point(s), transparently (i.e. frame contents are not altered, and frame headers are not looked-up for switching purposes). In other words, user end-points are agnostic to the service class and type selected by the service provider, provided the delivery of frames end-to-end is seamless and does not interfere with protocols at the same layer.
    CO-1034 Native Frame-based Access Services
    The Native Frame-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange frames over an access device that forwards transparently over to the Transport Services or Transmission Services block.
    
    CO-1018 Emulated Frame-based Access Services
    The Emulated Frame-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange of frames over higher layer protocols (e.g. pseudo-wires). The adaptation of the frame layer to the higher layer protocol is performed within the access device. Frame-based protocols (e.g. Ethernet, PPP, PPPoE) and the underlying protocols supporting the emulation, define the various Service Types within this Service Class (e.g. Ethernet over IP/MPLS).
  - CO-1007 Circuit-based Access Services
    The Circuit-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange raw user data, via fractional access to digital lines (circuits), e.g. ISDN BRI, fractional E1, etc. These services are provided directly to the end-user appliance (e.g. an ISDN phone) through terminal adapters, channel service units / data service units (CSU/DSU), multiplexers, etc., which in turn interface to Transport Services (after aggregation with other Access Services), or directly to Transmission Services (e.g. ISDN port of an Inmarsat satcom terminal).
    CO-1032 Native Circuit-based Access Services
    The Native Circuit-based Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange of raw user data through adaptation appliances (e.g. ISDN BRI terminal adapter). At implementation level, different service types can be considered, associated to different implementations of TDM technology (e.g. ISDN, T1, etc.).
    
    CO-1016 Emulated Circuit-based Access Services
    The Emulated Circuit-based Access Services provide functions to virtualize circuit-based access services, riding on higher layer protocols (e.g. ISDN BRI over IP, fractional E1 over Ethernet, etc.). The adaptation function of the circuit layer to the underlying carrier protocol is performed within the access device. At the implementation level, different Service Types can be considered, associated to the circuit technology emulated, and the underlying carrier protocol.
  - CO-1031 Multimedia Access Services
    The Multimedia Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange multimedia data via interaction with the end-user or end-user application. The services support the adaptation of the media involved (analogue voice, video, digital desktop, etc.) for delivery or exchange over packet-based, frame-based, circuit-based, or digital (link-based) access services (through e.g. routers, switches, terminal adapters or multiplexers, or directly over a digital port).
    CO-1066 Voice Access Services
    The Voice Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange voice information over packet-based, frame-based, circuit-based, or digital (link-based) access services, through adaptation (e.g. encoding and compression) the capability for voice appliances like VoIP phones, microphones, handsets, etc.
    
    CO-1065 Video Access Services
    The Video Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange video information either over packet-based, frame-based, circuit-based, or digital (link-based) access services, through adaptation (e.g. encoding and compression) the capability for video appliances like webcams, cameras (e.g. surveillance), etc.
    
    CO-1068 VTC Access Services
    The Video Teleconference (VTC) Access Services provide functions to deliver and exchange multimedia communication sessions involving simultaneous two-way video and audio transmission to be established between two or more locations, through various VTC appliances, for example (web)camera, telephone, microphone, (touch)screens and other visual aids.
- CO-1063 Transport Services
  The Transport Services provide functions to correspond to resource-facing services, delivering metro and wide-area connectivity to the Communications Access Services that operate at the edges of the network. In that role, these services interact with the Transmission Services using them as the physical layer fabric supporting the transfer of data over a variety of transmission bearers as and where needed.
  - CO-1058 Transport CIS Security Services
    The Transport CIS Security Services provide functions to implement and enforce CIS Security measures at the communications transport level.
    CO-1059 Transport Cryptography Services
    The Transport Cryptography Services provide functions to secure transfer of data - using encryption and decryption - over a variety of end-to-end transports supported over and/or within the core network, e.g. a wide area network (WAN) or in protected core networking (PCN).
  - CO-1064 Transport SMC Services
    The Transport Service Management and Control (SMC) Services provide functions to implement and enforce SMC policies at the communications transport level. The services are loosely based on the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Service Strategy; examples of ITIL lifecycle process that can be employed are Strategy, Design, Transition, Operations, and Improvement. Within the context of SMC for all Communications Services, the functions and subsequent requirements on each the three layers - Communications Access Services, Transport Services and Transmission Services - experience a great overlap and high level of similarity. Therefore, all SMC Services for these layers are defined under Communications Access SMC Services, while they are valid for this layer just the same.
    CO-1060 Transport Logging Services
    The Transport Logging Services provide functions to capture transport related events and/or errors for the purpose of regulatory compliance, performance optimizations, auditing or trouble shooting.
    
    CO-1062 Transport Monitoring Services
    The Transport Monitoring Services provide functions to gather information on the actual utilization and performance of monitored Transport Services. The services deliver information about service exceptions and support root-causes analysis to help locate performance bottlenecks, errors, or incomplete transactions.
    
    CO-1061 Transport Metering Services
    The Transport Metering Services provide functions to measure the utilization of transport resources over specific period of times. Calculated average values of the measurements can be then used to enforce Service Level Agreements (SLAs), billing purposes and overall usage trend forecasting.
  - CO-1015 Edge Services
    The Edge Services provide functions to deliver and exchange traffic flows over different Transmission Services. The traffic flows are formatted and delivered by the Communications Access Services at the edges of the network. This "edge" in Edge Transport is the Wide Area Network (WAN) edge (i.e. the provider edge). In Protected Core Networking (PCN) terms, the edge can be considered as the entry point into the protected core. The services can be broken down into service classes that closely follow the OSI stack. The main difference between Communication Access Services and Edge Transport Services is that the latter are resource-facing, and are streamlined for the efficient transfer of larger volumes of traffic resulting from the aggregation of multiple Communications Access Services. Edge Transport Services can implement encryption for link security and traffic flow confidentiality protection (LINKSEC).
    CO-1041 Packet-based Transport Services
    The Packet-based Transport Services provide functions to transport Internet Protocol (IP) packets between two or more end-points, involving forwarding between packet-based routers using destination-based or policy-based routing protocols natively or over Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnels. In these services the routing is performed on a per-packet basis. The services' "unit" is the packet flow, a flow of packets sharing a given attribute coded in the packet header (e.g. source, destination address or type of service). The services can interface to Transmission Services through various possible Cross-layer Adaptation Functions (CLAF) such as Packet Optical Transport (P-OTS), based on the transport of IP packets over fibre using Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). The same breakdown provided under the Packet-based Access Services class applies to the Packet-based Transport Services class. Only certain service types like Session-based VPNs are not applicable in this Transport Services context as those can only be initiated from the user end-point devices and applications (e.g. a browser running on a laptop, in turn served by a packet-based access service on its network interface).
    
    CO-1023 Frame-based Transport Services
    The Frame-based Transport Services provide functions to transport frames or cells between two or more end-points, involving forwarding between frame/cell switches using associated switching protocols. In Frame-based Transport Services switching is performed on a per-frame, per-cell basis. The services' "unit" is the virtual circuit, consisting of a flow of frames or cells, which share a given attribute coded in the frame or cell header (e.g. an MPLS tag, or stack of MPLS tags, or a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) value in Frame Relay, or a VLAN tag in Carrier Ethernet). The services can interface to Transmission Services through various possible Cross-layer Adaptation Functions (CLAF) often by directly transporting frames (or cells) over fibre (e.g. Ethernet over SDH). The services can be native or emulated over higher layer protocols (e.g. over IP/MPLS) and use different service classes (and various support protocols within): • Native Frame-based Transport – Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM); Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS); and Ethernet; or • Emulated Frame-based Transport – L2VPN (over IP, or IP/MPLS); Ethernet over MPLS; Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS, multipoint to multipoint); and Virtual Private Wire Services (VPWS, point to point).
    
    CO-1009 Circuit-based Transport Services
    The Circuit-based Transport Services provide functions to transport data channels between two points, multiplexed over a transmission line (leased line, or digital trunk line) using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Channels can carry raw synchronous data which is framed to fit into the channelized structure of the transmission line. Trunk lines can be switched at intermediate points. In these services switching is performed on a per-channel basis. The services' "unit" is the channel within the digital trunk line, and each channel carries a framed synchronous data stream (voice or data). Circuit-based Transport Services can be native, or emulated over higher layer protocols (e.g. IP or ATM). Appropriate service classes (and various support protocols within) are: • Native Circuit-based Transport Services – ISDN PRI, and TDM (E1,E3, etc.); and • Circuit Emulation Services – ISDN PRI over IP, TDM over IP, and E3 over ATM.
    
    CO-1026 Link Emulation Transport Services
    The Link Emulation Transport Services provide functions to emulate synchronous serial data streams (i.e. data and clock) over packet, frame or circuit-based Edge Transport Services.
  - CO-1050 Transit Services
    The Transit Services provide functions to connect IP based Transport Services together, Frame Transport Services together and TDM Transport Services together, either point to point, point to multipoint or multipoint to multipoint over metro and wide area networks. They involve the interaction of different transmission bearers of the same or different types at different nodes. These routing or switching nodes can be on the terrestrial communications segment, a terrestrial wireless segment or even the SATCOM space segment (e.g. carrier, frame or packet switching occurring on a regenerative transponder onboard the satellite payload). Communications equipment deployed for these services (e.g. routers, switches, radio relays, SATCOM transponders, etc.) may operate at different points across the core of the network. The services support standalone routing or switching elements (i.e. without attached Communications Access Services) and only connect to Transmission Services (one or more services, when routing/switching across different bearers is involved), or connect with Communications Access Services to Packet-, Frame- and Circuit-based Transport Services. Nonetheless, these services are not concerned with emulated Communications Access Services or Packet-, Frame- and Circuit-based Transport Services, by virtue of the single-hop end-to-end nature of the tunnelling mechanisms supporting the virtualization of protocols over higher-layer protocols. The services are closely associated with WAN routing/switching topologies (point-to-multipoint, mesh of point-to-point links or multipoint-to-multipoint). The topology is defined when the Transit Services are specified and will form part of the Service Level Specification (SLS).
    CO-1037 Packet Routing Services
    The Packet Routing Services provide functions to route and forward Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 packets, based on dynamic, destination- or policy-based protocols. Similar as with IPv4 Routed Access Services, each routing protocol is associated to a service type (i.e. an implementation option for the provider). Examples of IPv4 Routed Access Services implementation options are Static routing, Link-state Unicast routing (e.g. RIP, EIGRP), Distance-vector Unicast routing (OSPF), Path-vector Unicast routing (BGP), Policy-based Unicast routing (PBR), Multicast routing, and Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (MANET, e.g. OLSR-based). On top of those, other applicable service types, related to the provider edge of a transport network, are Traffic Engineering Services (e.g. MPLS-TE), and Virtual Routing and Forwarding Services.
    
    CO-1019 Frame Switching Services
    The Frame Switching Services provide functions to establish the static or dynamic switching and forwarding of frames, cells, and the resulting virtual circuits (permanent or switched). The following service types can be considered as being associated with frame-based encapsulation and switching protocols: • Frame-based switching – e.g. frame relay switching service. • Cell-based switching – e.g. ATM switching service. • Label-based switching – e.g. MPLS switching service. • Tag-based switching – e.g. VLAN/Ethernet switching service.
    
    CO-1027 Link Switching Services
    The Link Switching Services provide functions to switch and forward different fractional channels or full digital trunk lines over an established (e.g. dialed-up) dedicated communications channel (circuit). The communications channel functions as if the nodes were physically connected and guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel for the duration of the communication session. The following service types can be considered as being associated with link-switching protocols: • Slot-based switching – switching different time slots within a TDMA carrier to different nodes in a TDMA network (wireless, satcom), for transmission or reception. Considered protocols, also serving a time-domain multiple access purpose, are multi-frequency Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and selective TDMA. • Frequency-based (or wavelength-based) switching services – switching different frequencies (or wavelengths) within a given frequency range, to different nodes in a FDMA network (wireless, satcom) for transmission or reception. Considered protocols are Single-Carrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) or Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA). • Code-based switching services – switching different codes within a given family of pseudo-random codes, modulating RF carriers, to different nodes in a Code-division Multiple Access network (wireless, satcom) for transmission or reception. Considered protocols are W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, DS-CDMA, FH-CDMA, OFHMA and MC-CDMA. • Channel switching services – switching RF carriers to channels/sub-channels on different transponders, coverage areas, for transmission or reception (applies to satellite communications only).
  - CO-1001 Aggregation Services
    The Aggregation Services provide functions to aggregate traffic over parallel converging transmission paths, and involves Packet-, Frame- and Circuit-based Transport Services, where each of the services uses the same Transmission Service to converge into a given network node (often referred to as concentrator). They are only concerned with a selective "fan-out" and do not involve broadcast. Aggregation Services apply within and at the edge of the core. Aggregation Services within the core provide the aggregation of transport flows from multiple edge-points that connect to the aggregation node (e.g. concentrator) over transmission lines not involving switching or routing. Aggregation Services at the edge provide the aggregation of access flows from multiple end-nodes that connect to the aggregation node over transmission lines. Like Communications Access Services, Edge Transport Services and Transit Services, Aggregation Services can be closely mapped to the OSI stack lower layers.
    CO-1039 Packet-based Aggregation Services
    The Packet-based Aggregation Services provide functions to terminate tunnels carrying Internet Protocol (IP) packets or, in other words, terminate the Access Services under the packet-based category Virtual Private Network (VPN) class through VPN concentrators. These services also offer the termination of IP flows (not tunnelled) in star topologies supported over wireless or SATCOM (e.g. IP SATCOM hub); in this case, the services terminate packet-based IPv4 Routed Access Services or IPv6 Routed Access Services (subtended over SATCOM or radio). Hence, the following three service types can be considered for aggregation: • IPv4 Routed Access Services. • IPv6 Routed Access Services. • VPN Services or virtual IP routed services, which can either be Packet-based VPN termination Services (IP VPN) or Session-based VPN termination Services (SSL/TLS VPN).
    
    CO-1021 Frame-based Aggregation Services
    The Frame-based Aggregation Services provide functions to terminate Frame-based Access Services or Frame-based Transport Services supported by different Transmission Services (e.g. optical, wireless terrestrial, SATCOM). The following service types can be considered: • Star Topology frame services (Ethernet based, e.g. L2 satcom hub); • L2 SATCOM hub services; • DSL hub services (terrestrial, ATM based); and • DLOS/NLOS hub services (incl. WiMAX).
    
    CO-1008 Circuit-based Aggregation Services
    The Circuit-based Aggregation Services provide functions to terminate multiple tributary circuits (e.g. E1), each providing circuit-based transport services to different network nodes, and multiplexing them into an aggregate rate (e.g. 16x E1 lines at 2 Mbps each, multiplexed into one E3 line at 34 Mbps).
    
    CO-1028 Link-based Aggregation Services
    The Link-based Aggregation Services provide functions to terminate FDMA links (traffic flows transported over carriers at different frequencies), TDMA links (traffic flows transported over time slots of the same or multiple carriers) or CDMA links (traffic flows transported over the same or multiple carriers, using different spreading codes), or variants of these protocols involving one node (hub) acting as concentrator either by stacking multiple modems, or by implementing an integrated multi-modem assembly.
  - CO-1006 Broadcast Services
    The Broadcast Services provide functions to distribute transport flows through a combination of both the "within the core" and "at the edge" infrastructure types to form a logical "ring". The services within the core involve the broadcast of transport flows towards multiple edge-points that connect to the broadcast node either directly over transmission lines or through Transit Services; services at the edge involve the broadcast of traffic flows towards multiple end-nodes that connect to the broadcast node over transmission lines. Broadcast Services involve Packet-, Frame- and Circuit-based Transport Services, where each of the services uses the same Transmission Service to diverge out of a given network node (often referred to as concentrator).
    CO-1040 Packet-based Broadcast Services
    The Packet-based Broadcast Services provide functions to disseminate IP multicast packets.
    
    CO-1022 Frame-based Broadcast Services
    The Frame-based Broadcast Services provide functions to disseminate (MAC or VLAN) frames.
    
    CO-1029 Link-based Broadcast Services
    The Link-based Broadcast Services provide functions to disseminate simplex data links.
- CO-1056 Transmission Services
  The Transmission Services provide functions to cover the physical layer (also referred to as "media layer" or "air-interface" in wireless/satellite communications) supporting Transport Services, as well as Communications Access Services. Support for the latter is relevant to personal communications systems, in which the user appliances directly connect to the transmission element without any transport elements in between. The services are confined to the assets dealing with the adaptation to the transmission media (i.e. line drivers, adapters, transceivers, transmitters, and radiating elements (e.g. antennas). In some cases this adaption will include the modem, but in other cases the modem will be associated with Transport Services when implementing the first stage of the media-adaptation process (e.g. coding, modulation). The second stage, involving frequency conversion, amplification, radiation, bent-pipe transponder relay, etc., will be covered under Transmission Services proper.
  - CO-1051 Transmission CIS Security Services
    The Transmission CIS Security Services provide functions to implement and enforce CIS Security measures at the communications transmission level.
    CO-1055 Transmission Security Services
    The Transmission Security Services provide functions to deliver measures for Transmission Security (TRANSEC). TRANSEC measures are designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. TRANSEC aims to achive low probability of interception (LPI); low probability of detection (LPD); and anti-jamming (EPM or ECCM). TRANSEC methods include frequency hopping and spread spectrum where the required pseudorandom sequence generation is controlled by a cryptographic algorithm and key.
  - CO-1057 Transmission SMC Services
    The Transmission Service Management and Control (SMC) Services provide functions to implement and enforce SMC policies at the communications transmission level. The services are loosely based on the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) Service Strategy; examples of ITIL lifecycle process that can be employed are Strategy, Design, Transition, Operations, and Improvement.
    CO-1052 Transmission Logging Services
    The Transmission Logging Services provide functions to capture transmission related events and/or errors for the purpose of regulatory compliance, performance optimizations, auditing or trouble shooting.
    
    CO-1054 Transmission Monitoring Services
    The Transmission Monitoring Services provide functions to gather information on the actual utilization of monitored Transport Services. The services deliver information about service exceptions and help identify problems.
    
    CO-1053 Transmission Metering Services
    The Transmission Metering Services provide functions to measure the utilization of transmission services over specific period of times. Calculated average values of the measurements can be then used to enforce Service Level Agreements (SLAs), billing purposes and overall usage trend forecasting.
  - CO-1071 Wired Transmission Services
    The Wired Transmission Services provide functions to support physical transfer of data, point-to-point or point-to multipoint, using wired transmission medium amongst two or more static nodes. Based on range and capacity, these services are distinguished for Local Area Networks (LAN - over relatively short distances), Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN - medium to high capacity over distances spanning tens of kilometres) or Wide Area Networks (WAN - high capacity wired transmission medium over long distances).
    CO-1069 Wired Local Area Transmission Services
    The Wired Local Area Transmission Services provide functions to support physical transfer of data, point-to-point or point-to multipoint, using wired transmission medium amongst two or more static nodes over relatively short distances. Examples of transmission media are copper wires (two-wire, four-wire, twisted pair, coaxial, etc.) and optical fibre. Examples of these services, associated with the supporting technology employed, are telephony, local loop circuit to access leased lines, Local Area Network (LAN), and video distribution. Within this context a LAN is considered to interconnect network nodes over a relatively short distance, generally within a single location (i.e. building, office). It is also possible for a LAN to span a group of closely co-located locations.
    
    CO-1070 Wired Metropolitan Area Transmission Services
    The Wired Metropolitan Area Transmission Services provide functions to support physical transfer of data, point-to-point or point-to multipoint, using medium to high capacity wired transmission medium over distances spanning tens of kilometres (e.g. 5 to 50 km). Examples of transmission media are copper leased lines and optical fibre. The capabilities of these services are defined by the characteristics of the transmission media, which enables wavelength-based multiplexing and switching, seamless transport of ATM, Ethernet, etc. Examples of these services, associated with the supporting technology employed, are Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Distributed-Queue Dual-Bus (DQDB), and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH).
    
    CO-1072 Wired Wide Area Transmission Services
    The Wired Wide Area Transmission Services provide functions to support physical transfer of data, point-to-point or point-to multipoint, using high capacity wired transmission medium over long distances. Examples of transmission media are copper leased lines and optical fibre. The capabilities of these services are defined by the characteristics of the transmission media, which enables wavelength-based multiplexing and switching, seamless transport of ATM, Ethernet, etc. Examples of these services, associated with the supporting technology employed, are Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET), Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH).
  - CO-1083 Wireless LOS Static Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Static Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands. Selection of frequency bands is based on coverage, capacity, propagation, transceiver attributes, and frequency coordination constraints. In the context of these services, a distinction is made between transmission over an optical/visual LOS path (i.e. free of any form of visual obstruction), and a virtual LOS path (i.e. a straight line through visually obstructing material) - also referred to as Non- or Near- LOS (NLOS). Examples of Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Static Transmission Services with optical/visual LOS are Direct Line of Sight (DLOS) radio and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio-relay. Services with virtual LOS are often employed in the context of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), or with other types of LOS wireless communication such as Combat Net Radio (CNR), cellular, etc.
    CO-1082 Wireless LOS Static Narrowband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Static Narrowband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing narrowband low capacity wireless terminals operating mainly in the VHF, UHF frequency bands and in the HF frequency band using direct or ground wave propagation. Examples of these services are Single Channel HF/VHF/UHF Radio Equipment, Slow Hop HF EPM Communications Systems, Tactical Data Exchange (Link11/Link 11B), and Future NATO Narrowband Waveform (NBWF).
    
    CO-1084 Wireless LOS Static Wideband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Static Wideband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing wideband high capacity wireless terminals operating in the UHF frequency band, S band (2 to 4 GHz), C band (4 to 8 GHz) and NATO military band IV (4.4 to 5 GHz). Examples of these services are Point-to Point Microwave radio links, Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Tactical Highband Networking Waveform (HNW), and Future NATO Wideband Waveform (WBWF).
  - CO-1080 Wireless LOS Mobile Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Mobile Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands. Selection of frequency bands is based on coverage, capacity, propagation, transceiver attributes, and frequency coordination constraints. In the context of these services, a distinction is made between transmission over an optical/visual LOS path (i.e. free of any form of visual obstruction), and a virtual LOS path (i.e. a straight line through visually obstructing material) - also referred to as Non- or Near- LOS (NLOS).
    CO-1079 Wireless LOS Mobile Narrowband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Mobile Narrowband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing narrowband low capacity wireless terminals operating mainly in the VHF, UHF frequency bands and in the HF frequency band using direct or ground wave propagation. Examples of these services are Single Channel HF/VHF/UHF Radio Equipment, Slow Hop HF EPM Communications Systems, Tactical Data Exchange (Link11/Link 11B), and Future NATO Narrowband Waveform (NBWF), all with the consideration that adequate tracking antennas are employed and the transceivers are adapted for platform motion. Additional service types are Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), Militarized Cellular Networks, Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), and Narrowband HF/VHF Subnet Relay.
    
    CO-1081 Wireless LOS Mobile Wideband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Line of Sight (LOS) Mobile Wideband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, within the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing wideband high capacity wireless terminals operating in the UHF frequency band, S band (2 to 4 GHz), C band (4 to 8 GHz) and NATO military band IV (4.4 to 5 GHz). Examples of these services are Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Tactical Highband Networking Waveform (HNW), and the High Data Rate Waveform for UHF Radio (HDRWF), all with the consideration that adequate tracking antennas are employed and the transceivers are adapted for platform motion. Additional service types are Wideband Network Radio (WNR) systems and Wideband UHF Subnet Relay.
  - CO-1077 Wireless BLOS Static Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Static Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes beyond the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands. Selection of frequency bands is based on coverage, capacity, propagation, transceiver attributes, and frequency coordination constraints. In the context of these services, the wireless transmission path between the static nodes can be established passively (i.e. wireless signal is refracted back to earth by different atmospheric layers) or actively (i.e. wireless signal is transmitted back to earth via a transponder). In the case when a transponder (e.g. satellite) is employed, the transponder can perform frequency translation, filtering (including limiting), channel amplification, combining/splitting over one or multiple antennas/coverage beams, as well as relaying over one or more channels.
    CO-1076 Wireless BLOS Static Narrowband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Static Narrowband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes beyond the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing narrowband low capacity wireless terminals operating in the VLF and HF (sky wave propagation) frequency band, or narrowband SATCOM operating in the VHF, UHF and SHF frequency bands and L band (1 to 2 GHz) and X band (8 to 12 GHz). Examples of these services are Single and Multichannel VLF and LF ON-Line and On-Line and Off-Line OOK Systems, Single Channel HF Radio Equipment, Slow Hop HF EPM Communications Systems, Tactical Data Exchange (Link11/Link 11B), UHF Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA), Super High Frequency (SHF) Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM), Iridium satellite phone communications, and Inmarsat satellite services.
    
    CO-1078 Wireless BLOS Static Wideband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Static Wideband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more static nodes beyond the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing wideband high capacity wireless terminals operating in the SHF frequency band and the C band (4 to 8 GHz) and NATO military band IV (4.4 to 5 GHz). Examples of these services are SHF Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM), SHF Medium Data Rate (MDR) Military Satellite Communications (MILCOM) Jam-Resistant Modem, Satellite Broadcast Service (SBS), Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN), and troposcatter services operating in the 4 to 5 GHz range (i.e. C band) up to a distance of approximately 300 km.
  - CO-1074 Wireless BLOS Mobile Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Mobile Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, beyond the line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands. Selection of frequency bands is based on coverage, capacity, propagation, transceiver attributes, and frequency coordination constraints. In the context of these services, the wireless transmission path between the mobile nodes can be established passively (i.e. wireless signal is refracted back to earth by different atmospheric layers) or actively (i.e. wireless signal is transmitted back to earth via a transponder). Example transponders can be a satellite (i.e. satellite communications on-the-move) or a Medium/High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) relay such as an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) carrying a Communications Relay Package (CRP).
    CO-1073 Wireless BLOS Mobile Narrowband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Mobile Narrowband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, within line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing narrowband low capacity wireless terminals operating mainly in the VHF, UHF frequency bands and in the HF frequency band using sky wave propagation. Examples of these services are Single and Multichannel VLF and LF ON-Line and On-Line and Off-Line OOK Systems, Single Channel HF Radio Equipment, Slow Hop HF EPM Communications Systems, Tactical Data Exchange (Link11/Link 11B), UHF Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA), Super High Frequency (SHF) Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM), Iridium satellite phone communications, and Inmarsat satellite services, all with the consideration that adequate tracking antennas are employed and the transceivers are adapted for platform motion.
    
    CO-1075 Wireless BLOS Mobile Wideband Transmission Services
    The Wireless Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) Mobile Wideband Transmission Services provide functions to transfer data wireless amongst two or more nodes, where one or more of the nodes are operating on the move, within line of sight for each other, employing modulated Radio Frequency (RF) carriers in different frequency bands, and employing wideband high capacity wireless terminals operating in the SHF frequency band and the C band (4 to 8 GHz) and NATO military band IV (4.4 to 5 GHz). Examples of these services are SHF Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM), SHF Medium Data Rate (MDR) Military Satellite Communications (MILCOM) Jam-Resistant Modem, Satellite Broadcast Service (SBS), and Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN), all with the consideration that adequate tracking antennas are employed and the transceivers are adapted for platform motion.
  - CO-1086 Optical Wireless Communications Services
    The Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) Services provide functions to transfer data wirelessly with unguided light (without an optical fiber) using the optical spectrum - encompassing infrared (IR), visible light, and ultraviolet (UV) frequencies - as the transmission medium. Data is encoded onto a light source (LED or laser) by modulating its intensity or frequency onto a light beam that is transmitted through air, water or space to photodetectors or imaging receivers. The technology has a potential for high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and possibilities to confine signals to controlled spaces and environments, and in narrow beams.
    CO-1087 Free Space Optical Communications Services
    The Free Space Optical Communications (FSOC) Services provide functions to transfer data over long distances through the atmosphere or space, using highly focused laser beams (often in the near-infrared spectrum). The services support gigabit-level data rates and are applied for point-to-point links between fixed or mobile platforms (for instance, for satellite-to-ground links, inter-satellite crosslinks, and tactical backhaul between command posts or vehicles). The narrow beamwidth provides a low probability of intercept and detection (LPI/LPD), making it well-suited for secure communications in contested environments. However, it requires line-of-sight (LOS) and is susceptible to degradation in adverse weather such as fog or heavy rain.
    
    CO-1088 Visible Light Communications Services
    The Visible Light Communications (VLC) Services provide functions to transfer data with LEDs or laser-based visible light sources in the 380–750 nm wavelength range. The services are used for indoor secure networking in command centers, ships, or aircraft cabins, where radio silence is required to avoid RF detection. VLC naturally confines signals within a controlled area, reducing the risk of eavesdropping. Portable VLC gear can be used for covert short-range communication between operators in low-light conditions. A notable form is Light Fidelity (Li-Fi), which can deliver high-speed data using existing lighting systems.
    
    CO-1089 Infrared Communications Services
    The Infrared (IR) Communications Services provide functions to transfer data with LEDs or low-power laser diodes over wavelengths just beyond the visible spectrum (typically 750 nm to 1 mm). The services are used for short-range, point-to-point military data links (such as vehicle convoy communications, secure equipment-to-equipment transfers, and personal soldier communication systems with wearable IR transceivers). IR is less affected by ambient lighting than VLC and can be invisible to the human eye, making it ideal for covert operations. In the field, IR beacons are also used for friend-or-foe identification and navigation aids during night operations with night vision equipment.
    
    CO-1090 Ultraviolet Communications Services
    The Ultraviolet (UV) Communications Services provide functions to transfer data with systems in the “solar blind” UV-C spectrum (200–280 nm), using the scattering properties of UV light in the atmosphere to enable non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communications. The services are applied for communication in urban or forested environments, between ships in heavy fog, or for stealth data links where LOS is impractical. Their ability to function without precise alignment is useful for rapidly deployed tactical networks. However, range is typically shorter than FSO due to strong atmospheric scattering and absorption.

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